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VIITORUL ALBINELOR SUNA BINE

Viitorul albinelor suna bine – particule de enzime de dimensiunea grauncioarelor de polen confera albinelor imunitate la insecticide

Publicat de Redactia Sanatatea Plantelor pe iun. 07, 2021  

 

Albinele joaca un rol critic in polenizarea multor plante pe care le consuma oamenii si, prin urmare, sunt cheia securitatii alimentare, dar populatiile continua sa scada rapid in intreaga lume. La asta contribuie o serie de factori, inclusiv pierderea habitatului si seceta, dar o mica particula ingerabila dezvoltata la Universitatea Cornell urmareste detoxifierea insecticidelor mortale inainte de a putea face rau acestor creaturi importante.

Insecticidele obisnuite, cum ar fi neonicotinoidele, pe care UE le-a interzis in 2016, sunt utilizate pentru a proteja culturile de insectele daunatoare, dar adesea si albinele sunt afectate. Aceste substante toxice interfereaza cu moleculele care ajuta albinele sa produca energie, le pot perturba ciclurile de somn si le pot lasa imobile si infometate.

Noua tehnologie este descrisa ca un antidot pentru aceste tipuri de substante chimice, cercetatorii concentrandu-se mai intai asupra insecticidelor pe baza de organofosfati, care reprezinta aproximativ o treime din piata. Oamenii de stiinta de la Universitatea Cornell au dezvoltat o microparticula de dimensiunea polenului, cu enzime care descompun si detoxifica complet aceste insecticide inainte ca albina sa le absoarba.

Particulele, care pot fi amestecate in hrana albinelor sau in apa cu zahar si date albinelor, au o pelicula de protectie care protejeaza enzimele in timp ce trec prin stomacul acestora, care este acid si altfel le-ar descompune. In schimb, calatoresc in siguranta pana in intestinul mediu, unde are loc digestia, iar enzimele isi pot face efectul, descompunand organofosfatii.

Acest lucru a fost demonstrat mai intai prin experimente in vitro si apoi pe albine vii din laborator, unde insectele au fost hranite atat cu un pesticid organofosfat, cat si cu particule, in timp ce unui alt grup de control i s-a administrat doar pesticidul organofosfat. Oamenii de stiinta au observat o rata de supravietuire de 100% la albinele hranite cu particule, in timp ce toate albinele martor neprotejate au murit in urmatoarele zile.

Studiul a fost publicat in revista Nature Food. Sursa: Universitatea Cornell

https://www.sanatateaplantelor.ro/viitorul-albinelor-suna-bine-particule-de-enzime-de-dimensiunea-grauncioarelor-de-polen-confera-albinelor-imunitate-la-insecticide/

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Volume 2 Issue 5, May 2021

Pollinator protection

Insecticide exposure is a key global driver of pollinator declines. Organophosphates, which account for more than a third of insecticide sales worldwide are highly toxic to pollinators. Utilizing the capability of phosphotriesterase enzymes to hydrolase linkages in organophosphates, it may be possible to develop in vivo detoxification systems for managed pollinators. Microcolonies of bumblebees fed pollen patties contaminated with malathion, the widely applied organophosphate pesticide, demonstrated 100% survival when also fed with phosphotriesterase-encapsulated pollen-inspired microparticles. Pollen-mimicking, enzyme-loaded microparticles may have potential to be deployed at low cost and large scale, incorporated into supplemental feeds, to detoxify organophosphate insecticides in stored nectar and pollen.

Image: Stephen McDaniel, McDaniel Photography. Cover Design: Tulsi Voralia.

Pollen-inspired enzymatic microparticles to reduce organophosphate toxicity in managed pollinators , Published: 20 May 2021

Jing Chen, James Webb, Kaavian Shariati, Shengbo Guo, Jin-Kim Montclare, Scott McArt & Minglin Ma 

Nature Food volume 2, pages 339–347 (2021)  Cite this article

Received15 October 2020 ,  Accepted 20 April 2021, Published 20 May 2021, Issue DateMay 2021

DOI  https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00282-0

 Abstract

Pollinators support the production of the leading food crops worldwide. Organophosphates are a heavily used group of insecticides that pollinators can be exposed to, especially during crop pollination. Exposure to lethal or sublethal doses can impair fitness of wild and managed bees, risking pollination quality and food security. Here we report a low-cost, scalable in vivo detoxification strategy for organophosphate insecticides involving encapsulation of phosphotriesterase (OPT) in pollen-inspired microparticles (PIMs). We developed uniform and consumable PIMs capable of loading OPT at 90% efficiency and protecting OPT from degradation in the pH of a bee gut. Microcolonies of Bombus impatiens fed malathion-contaminated pollen patties demonstrated 100% survival when fed OPT−PIMs but 0% survival with OPT alone, or with plain sucrose within five and four days, respectively. Thus, the detrimental effects of malathion were eliminated when bees consumed OPT−PIMs. This design presents a versatile treatment that can be integrated into supplemental feeds such as pollen patties or dietary syrup for managed pollinators to reduce risk of organophosphate insecticides.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s43016-021-00282-0

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Acknowledgements

This material is based on work that are partially supported by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture, Hatch under 2017-18-107, Counter ACT Program of the National Institute of Health under Award Number R21-NS10383-01 and the National Science Foundation under Award Number IIP-1918981. This work made use of the Cornell Center for Materials Research Shared Facilities which are supported through the NSF MRSEC programme (DMR-1719875).

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Jing Chen, James Webb, Kaavian Shariati & Minglin Ma

  1. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, USA

Shengbo Guo & Jin-Kim Montclare

  1. Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

Scott McArt

Contributions

J.C. and M.M. conceived the study. J.C. and J.W. designed and conducted the experiments. S.G. and J.-K.M. provided the E. coli strain. K.S. drew the schemes. J.C., J.W., J.-K.M., S.M. and M.M. reviewed and interpreted the results. J.C, J.W. and M.M. wrote the manuscript, with input from all authors. All authors reviewed and commented on the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Minglin Ma.

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Competing interests

The technology described in this paper is being licensed to Beemmunity Inc., a start-up company co-founded by J.W. M.M. and J.C. are scientific advisors and shareholders of Beemmunity Inc.

Additional information

Peer review information Nature Food thanks Liangfang Zhang, Scott Walper and Scott Medina for their contribution to the peer review of this work.

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